This study demonstrates that water intake variables from dietary recalls can be used to accurately predict tap water avoidance and provide a window into water insecurity. No tap intake and categories of tap water intake produced 77% and 78% areas under the ROC curve in predicting tap water avoidance.
Adults who avoided their tap water consumed less tap and plain water, and significantly more bottled water and SSBs on a given day. In 2017-18, 51.4% of adults did not drink tap water on a given day, while 35.8% exclusively consumed bottled water. Trends indicate increasing plain water intake between 2005-2018, driven by increasing bottled water intake. Next, I use receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves to test the predictive accuracy of no plain water, no tap, and exclusive bottled water intake, and varying percentages of plain water consumed from tap water compared to tap water avoidance. Second, I use multiple linear and logistic regressions to test how tap water avoidance relates to plain water intake and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Using 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data among 32,329 adults, I examine distributions and trends of mean intakes of total, plain (sum of tap and bottled water), tap, and bottled water, and % consuming no tap and exclusive bottled water. This article aims to demonstrate how water intake variables from dietary recall data relate to and predict a key water insecurity proxy, i.e., tap water avoidance. Dietary recalls provide critical nutritional surveillance data yet have been underexplored as a water insecurity monitoring tool. In the US, problems with the provision of safe, affordable water have resulted in an increasing number of adults who avoid their tap water, which may indicate underlying water insecurity. Recognition of the culturally constructed heterogeneity, ubiquity and visibility of groundwater may help to diagnose and address the crisis of depletion. Modern socionatural relations with groundwaters emerged only recently in the context of science and capitalism, and our cultural relations with them involve more than rules, norms and institutions for their governance. This instrumental understanding of culture as a set of traits to be selectively used for arresting depletion has not proven effective, however, compelling us to rethink our cultural, political, and economic engagements with groundwater. However, rather than grapple with the complexities and contradictions of heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility, these efforts take a rather thin view of culture-as rules, norms, and institutions to be studied, codified and deployed to address the crisis. The failure to halt depletion has prompted a turn to culture in the hope of governing the liquid sustainably. The idea and social fact of groundwater has emerged in this history, and has three distinguishing features: heterogeneity, ubiquity, and visibility. Since the mid‐twentieth century, a massive worldwide proliferation of deep wells has redistributed groundwaters away from springs, seeps, wells, and oases, robbing them of the water that supports local sustainable socionatural relations.
Over the last 150 years or so engineers, farmers, scientists, and many others around the globe have gained access to the waters that lie underground with drilling technology, pumps and cheap energy. Gleick gets to the heart of the bottled water craze, exploring what it means for us to bottle and sell our most basic necessity.
#Peter gleick 3rd age of water free
It comes down to societyâs choices about human rights, the role of government and free markets, the importance of being "green," and fundamental values. "Designer" H2O may be laughable, but the debate over commodifying water is deadly serious. And he exposes the true reasons weâve turned to the bottle, from fearmongering by business interests and our own vanity to the breakdown of public systems and global inequities. Are there legitimate reasons to buy all those bottles? With a scientistâs eye and a natural storytellerâs wit, Gleick investigates whether industry claims about the relative safety, convenience, and taste of bottled versus tap hold water. That adds up to more than thirty billion bottles a year and tens of billions of dollars of sales. Every second of every day in the United States, a thousand people buy a plastic bottle of water, and every second of every day a thousand more throw one of those bottles away. Itâs a big story and water is big business. Why donât the rest of us? Bottled and Sold shows how water went from being a free natural resource to one of the most successful commercial products of the last one hundred yearsâand why we are poorer for it. A world-renowned scientist and freshwater expert, Gleick is a MacArthur Foundation "genius," and according to the BBC, an environmental visionary.
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